Are there any studies that have been done on a possible link between sexual trauma and rejection of femininity? IMF agrees: Decline of union power has increased income inequality, IMF: The last generation of economic policies may have been a complete failure, "Myths of the 1 Percent: What's Putting People at the Top", "Branko Milanovic-Global Income Inequality by the Numbers-In History and Now-February 2013", "Evidence From Census 2000 About Earnings by Detailed Occupation for Men and Women", "The Oxford Handbook of the Social Science of Poverty", "An Equilibrium Theory of the Distribution of Income and Intergenerational Mobility", "Ethnic Capital and Intergenerational Mobility", "Economic Mobility Project: An Initiative of the Pew Charitable Trusts", "Cohort Change and Racial Differences in Educational and Income Mobility", "Being Black, Living in the Red: Race, Wealth, and Social Policy in America", "Generations of exclusion: Mexican Americans, assimilation and race", "A Nonparametric Analysis of Black-White Differences in Intergenerational Income Mobility in the United States", "Chapter Five. I totally get your point and agree, but there are facts which we can’t deny, such as the fact that males are physically more dominant, due to the biological structures such as hip structures and natural muscle mass, these things can not be argued against as they are facts, take sports for example…get the fastest male time in any olympic sport and compare it to that of the fastest female, statistics do not lie. what if this boy is also very feminine and gay, which from the outside would make him seem like a “typical” feminine girl? They lack access to adequate healthcare; they are at a high risk of experiencing mental illness as a result of family rejection, bullying and social exclusion; and they face high rates of sexual harassment. Biology has no influence on the social construction of gender. Intersex people have been, up until recently, heavily defined in popular culture by largely damaging ideas from medical science. [12], According to PolitiFact, the top 400 richest Americans "have more wealth than half of all Americans combined. Instead of trying to create additional layers of specificity to try and fit all of the nuance of each individual (as this process can continue ad infinitum) the most effective approach is to realize that everybody defines themselves within gender as we know it today (meaning that they pick and choose within the modern discourse which particular label to ascribe to themselves in different situations). Work colleagues discriminate against transgender people through informal channels, by telling them how to dress and how to act. Facilitation and encouragement of access to employment. based on gender, parties, or socio-economic group), seeks distinction from other nations, and strives to preserve the nation and give preference to political representation by the nation for the nation. The Lion's Share: Inequality and the Rise of the Fiscal State in Preindustrial Europe, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2019. It is sexuality. To prevent such inequality, this approach believes it is important to have political freedom, economic facilities, social opportunities, transparency guarantees, and protective security to ensure that people aren't denied their functionings, capabilities, and agency and can thus work towards a better relevant income. Thanks for your comment. You, a casual interloper who has parachuted here to sprout hatred, nor any of my regular readers, get to demand to use my publishing space as a means to maintain the status quo. Femininity is constructed through patriarchal ideas. Hi Payton. Now days we should give opportunity the women because they are important in our society by teach youth on how to live in their society (something called self determination) which is important to all human being in specific society. At the end of the day there are 2 biological genders male and female, penis and vagina, women and man, he and she. For example, in early-2014, India legally recognised the hijra, the traditional third gender who had been previously accepted prior to colonialism. I see these social constructs as being obsolete and the root of the problem—as the foundation that gives rise to social injustice, and often in a vain attempt to address it. As for your confused take on the law – Australian, American and other nation states recognise it is unlawful to discriminate on the basis of gender AND sexuality (and other protected characteristics). "[14][15][16][17] According to The New York Times on July 22, 2014, the "richest 1 percent in the United States now own more wealth than the bottom 90 percent". The popular idea that women do not get ahead because they lack confidence ignores the intersections of inequality. Sociology of Difference by Zuleyka Zevallos. It is really much like differentiating between the Business Class Alpha Male, Working class alpha male, and the athletic/warrior alpha male. Sexuality is different again; it is about sexual attraction, sexual practices and identity. From what I have observed, being a Transwoman is not simply a case of a male feeling very feminine and then “deciding” to transition to fit society because society says only females are feminine. [49], An important factor in the creation of inequality is variation in individuals' access to education. People are allowed to disagree with your hypothesis that gender is not merely a social construct! garbage, understand that I have an assault charge for breaking the nose of someone who was harassing my transgendered co-worker. Social constructionism is a social theory about how meaning is created through social interaction – through the things we do and say with other people. ", Sutch, Richard. I found your article while searching for a credible study of one of my (apparently controversial) beliefs that gender is a social construct, as is also sexuality, ethnicity, nationality, and a myriad of labels concerning identity. I’m sure you’ve read the John/Joan case. "[9], A study by the World Institute for Development Economics Research at United Nations University reports that the richest 1% of adults alone owned 40% of global assets in the year 2000. This is a sociology blog for the public. ", Piketty, Thomas, and Emmanuel Saez. One thing I’ve been struggling to understand is how gender can be both a social construct and a personal identity. WIth that said, I the main point of my arguement was not one about sexuality, as sexuality and gender identity are completely different. My Journey to Womxnism | Formation of a Filipinx American, Science Inequality in the News: Avoiding Dangerous Gender Narratives in STEM | Dr Zuleyka Zevallos – Sociology Prose, 10 Words You May Have Been Using Incorrectly – Affinity Magazine, https://othersociologist.com/about/commenting-policy/, Gender in Africa and its Knowledge Production Over the Years |, http://www.newsweek.com/nigeria-same-sex-marriage-586746, https://www.hrw.org/report/2016/10/20/tell-me-where-i-can-be-safe/impact-nigerias-same-sex-marriage-prohibition-act, Confused about non-binary identities? Do you have a date for when you polished this piece? I´m curious about your thoughts and maybe some reading advice on this. Take for example the gender pay gap. The Price of Inequality: How Today's Divided Society Endangers Our Future (pp. Good luck with your studies. The female husband takes on male roles, such as entertaining guests while her wife waits on them. This is research blog maintained by a professional sociologist, with commenting guidelines established to meet the aims of intersectional feminism. Hi again Luca. [115], Socialists attribute the vast disparities in wealth to the private ownership of the means of production by a class of owners, creating a situation where a small portion of the population lives off unearned property income by virtue of ownership titles in capital equipment, financial assets and corporate stock. The Private Lives study, which surveyed over 3,800 lesbian, gay, transgender, queer, intersex and asexual (LGBTQIA) Australians finds that 4.4% identify as transgender (and a further 3% prefer another term to describe their sex/gender other than male, female or transgender). [21] A 2017 report by the IPS said that three individuals, Jeff Bezos, Bill Gates and Warren Buffett, own as much wealth as the bottom half of the population, or 160 million people, and that the growing disparity between the wealthy and the poor has created a "moral crisis", noting that "we have not witnessed such extreme levels of concentrated wealth and power since the first gilded age a century ago. So Nigeria is really a country we should model ourselves after, right? The researchers note that around one in 1,000 Australians are transgender or intersex. The OECD asserts that public spending is vital in reducing the ever-expanding wealth gap. Hi Juan. [117] In the current U.S., many feel that the distribution is unfair in being too unequal. As a result, women as a group lack the same level of cultural power as men. Makes the Case for the Minimum Wage", The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better, "Unequal Inequalities: Do Progressive Taxes Reduce Income Inequality? [27] The United Nations Development Programme in 2014 asserted that greater investments in social security, jobs and laws that protect vulnerable populations are necessary to prevent widening income inequality. I am trying to understand the differing perspectives on gender and sex in academia. [75], African countries, too, continue to deal with the effects of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, which set back economic development as a whole for blacks of African citizenship more than any other region. More research needs to be done by neurologists before we begin classifying people as this or that, as creating a label for a person will cause them to direct their behavior within those limited constraints. Read below to learn more about sistergirls, Aboriginal transgender women, and how Christianity attempted to displace their cultural belonging and femininity. Gender dysphoria as a psychological term once referred to the erroneous view that transgender identity was seen as a mental illness; this is no longer the view of mainstream psychology, which now focuses on how discrimination, social pressures, bullying and social stigma negatively impact on transgender people’s wellbeing. only if you’re a White woman already thriving, have sex with other partners of the opposite gender, Monarchy rule and resistance to external colonialism, That’s My Australian Side’: The Ethnicity, Gender and Sexuality of Young Women of South and Central American Origin, A Woman Is Precious”: Constructions of Islamic Sexuality and Femininity of Turkish-Australian Women’. how has social media (if it has) changed the perceptions among the young user of gender? (Important to note why I used the term “illegitimate” in quotation marks as there is no such thing as an “illegitimate” children. [148] As a result, "the diversity of institutions we observe among relatively advanced countries, ranging from greater inequality and risk-taking in the United States to the more egalitarian societies supported by a strong safety net in Scandinavia, rather than reflecting differences in fundamentals between the citizens of these societies, may emerge as a mutually self-reinforcing world equilibrium. Beh., 2017), the research literature contains no evidence on people having an aversion on inequality. I’m neither a sociologist nor a student, but I do think of myself as a free thinker. In order to rectify this situation, socialists argue that the means of production should be socially owned so that income differentials would be reflective of individual contributions to the social product. Asexuality is a term used when individuals do not feel sexual attraction. I am using this article for my paper in sociology! If you need professional help with completing any kind of homework, Success Essays is the right place to get it. Thank you for everything!! I mean, how did we know and develop the idea that women have to be shy and men should suppress their emotions? Transgender people will undergo a gender transition that may involve changing their dress and self-presentation (such as a name change). I haven’t seen such a well thought out and in-depth exploration of this topic, fully explaining how and why gender is a social construct. Please try to see and understand both sides as there is more than 1. Things will improve when you better understand and work to overcome your prejudices of gender minorities. The economic status of one's parents continues to define and predict the financial futures of African and minority ethnic groups. One of the gay boys in Pascoe’s study was bullied so much for his dancing and clothing (wearing “women’s clothes”) that he was eventually forced to drop out of school. "Geography of inequality in Asia. [70] Mexican-Americans, while suffering less debilitating socioeconomic factors than black Americans, experience deficiencies in the same areas when compared to whites and have not assimilated financially to the level of stability experienced by white Americans as a whole. Is it a strawman argument? The Abagusii people of Western Kenya allow a female husband to take  a wife to bear her children, and the biological father has no rights over them. Thank you. Framing the options in terms of being either “modest” or “slutty” is a reflection of damaging social expectations that no woman should be referenced against. The justification for this is that a lack of education leads directly to lower incomes, and thus lower aggregate saving and investment. However, gender is not socially constructed. You make some really good points here, things I’ll have to bring up in discussions of gender in the future. (2014) ‘Sociology of Gender,’ The Other Sociologist, 28 November. Survivors also have various gender and sexual identities; there is no one pathway for development. In the bottom percentiles, number of hours worked has decreased. In all studies analyzed, the subjects preferred fair distributions to equal distributions, in both laboratory and real-world situations. Transgender and intersexuality are gender categories, not sexualities. Smaller or specialised surveys on issues such as surveillance and tobacco estimate that between 0.2% and 0.5% of Americans are transgender, while surveys in the UK identify that up to 0.1% of the population has began or undergone gender transition (noting this does not capture other people who may be considering transgender options). Much like being an atheist means not conforming to any religious norm. Hegemonic masculinities rest upon social context, and so they reflect the social inequalities of the cultures they embody. [146], Public policy responses addressing causes and effects of income inequality in the US include: progressive tax incidence adjustments, strengthening social safety net provisions such as Aid to Families with Dependent Children, welfare, the food stamp program, Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid, organizing community interest groups, increasing and reforming higher education subsidies, increasing infrastructure spending, and placing limits on and taxing rent-seeking. The definition of sex (the categories of man versus woman) as we know them today comes from the advent of modernity. Transgender advocacy groups have made great strides to increase visibility and rights of transgender people. The Kathoey from Thailand are born biologically male but around half identify as women while the rest identify as “sao praphet song” (“a second kind of woman”). If gender identity can go directly against society, and be the opposite of what society dictates, it must have some function distinct and independent of society. Quite the opposite, women in leadership positions are punished for leading in ways that managers consider to be feminine, as I’ve shown elsewhere. The children of her wife remain her responsibility and they are not shunned. ", Saito, Osamu. In the 19th Century, biomedical science largely converged around Western European practices and ideas. I’m sorry but you’re being close minded, he did add to the discussion but because you LABELED him as transphobic, his post doesn’t even matter. The preference for inequality increases in adolescence, and so do the capabilities to favor fortune, effort and ability in the distribution. Gender is also determined by what an individual feels and does. All my health posts from this blog are here: https://othersociologist.com/tag/health/, Please be sure to check my commenting policy before posting: https://othersociologist.com/about/commenting-policy/, Hi there, Giving any more air time to transphobic apologists is not part of these aims. Jackson writes: “My research on Thai queer genders and sexualities reveals that contemporary patterns of kathoey transgenderism are just as recent and as different from premodern forms as Thai gay sexualities, with Thailand’s kathoey cultures taking their current forms as a result of a 20th century revolution in Thai gender norms… The cultural prominence of gender in Thailand is reflected in the intense popular fascination with the transgender kathoey and the relative invisibility of Thailand’s large population of gender-normative gay men in both local and international media representations of queer Thailand.”. Masculinities are rewarded over and above femininities. Genetically most Filipinos today are of Malay origin. Hey, Ms. Zevallos! [97] Historian Walter Scheidel posits that, since the stone age, only extreme violence, catastrophes and upheaval in the form of total war, Communist revolution, pestilence and state collapse have significantly reduced inequality. As I’m sure you know, gender as a social construct has been used as an argument by some transexclusionary feminists against the existence of the concept of gender identity (and, therefore, transpeople). If you want to get your sex change or even identify yourself as a mashed potato go right ahead but science will forever disagree. In sociology, we make a distinction between sex and gender. One of the earliest uses of gender in feminist theory can be traced to the 1976 University of Sussex Workshop on the Subordination of Women and the school of thought that emerged from this workshop. It was, on the contrary, the device to secure for the whole of mankind the maximum of benefits it can derive from it. Exits, voices and social inequality: a mixed methods study of school choice and parental participation in Pakistan. 6) IDENTITY: ON BEING AN ASIAN FEMALE – THE SOUL'S WORK PODCAST, ‘In a world ravaged by women’s suffrage, our only solace is some guy’: Dark Feminist Humour. —President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 1933[136], A 2011 OECD study makes a number of suggestions to its member countries, including:[9], Progressive taxation reduces absolute income inequality when the higher rates on higher-income individuals are paid and not evaded, and transfer payments and social safety nets result in progressive government spending. Sommerfeld, Ray M., Silvia A. Madeo, Kenneth E. Anderson, Betty R. Jackson (1992). Already very young children seem to prefer fairness over equality. [88] According to a 2020 report by the UNEP, overconsumption by the rich is a significant driver of the climate crisis, and the wealthiest 1% of the world's population are responsible for more than double the greenhouse gas emissions of the poorest 50% combined. They’re fighting sexism and racism and class discrimination all at once. Important types of economic measurements focus on wealth, income, and consumption. Hi Turnur. In both cases, the cause is unfairness, not inequality, the researchers conclude. Can you give me some examples of you or someone you know acting gender differently in different situations? I believe that that is inaccurate, at least to some extent. Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. [4] Important concepts of equality include equity, equality of outcome, and equality of opportunity. Still, the notion of difference, of otherness, is central to the social organisation of gender. [115] Researches demonstrate that people usually underestimate the level of actual inequality, which is also much higher than their desired level of inequality. [98][99] He has stated that "only all-out thermonuclear war might fundamentally reset the existing distribution of resources" and that "peaceful policy reform may well prove unequal to the growing challenges ahead."[100][101]. Once upon a time people lived in groups did whatever they wanted and had sex with everyone like all of the time. Certain things can not be argued against, such as the fact that only the woman is able to breastfeed. Online resource: https://othersociologist.com/sociology-of-gender/. While the Kathoey are tied to older gender traditions, Peter Jackson, Professor of Thai culture and history at the Australian National University, argues that present-day identities and activism amongst Kathoey are informed by both modern and global sensibilities that arose after World War II. Sexist comments are one of the everyday ways in which people police and maintain the existing gender order. Again Thank you so much! Other women may not breastfeed because they are transgender, while others simply choose not to breastfeed. Gender is socially constructed. Consequent: Western and industrialized societies are wrong. Let’s start with a historical example from Western culture. By 1991, it was eighty-six to one. Far from being seen as “shy,” in ancient Greek culture, women were seen as wild and in need of control. [32] In 2015, the OECD reported in 2015 that income inequality is higher than it has ever been within OECD member nations and is at increased levels in many emerging economies. You are using a straw-man argument, nobody is stopping them from doing things they like as long as they are legal and aren’t hurting anyone. (2014) ‘Sociology of Gender,’ The Other Sociologist, 28 November. Amongst the Igbo Land in Southeast Nigeria, both women will continue to have sexual relations with men, however, the female husbands must do this discreetly. Good luck with your journey out of patriarchy! You can “debate”/ perpetuate transphobia all you like anywhere else on the internet (but please don’t – have a cup of tea instead and get better educated on social inclusion). [115], When people were asked, what would be the wealth of each quintile in their ideal society, they gave a 50-fold sum to the richest quintile than to the poorest quintile. Anyone who disagrees is contributing to gender inequality. The report also emphasized that the wealthiest 1% are by far the biggest polluters and main drivers of climate change, and said that government policy should focus on fighting both inequality and climate change simultaneously. Women who don’t conform to social expectations are not damaged; they are living out their individual preferences. Inequality is also said to be able to solve the problems of free-riders, cheaters and ill-behaving people, although this is heavily debated. [130], It has also been argued that economic inequality invariably translates to political inequality, which further aggravates the problem. Homosexuality is not gender. Men in general are paid better than women; they enjoy more sexual and social freedom; and they have other benefits that women do not by virtue of their gender. Your friend may understand her personal experience in the way you describe but there is no widespread correlation between survivors of sexual violence and butch identities. A female friend of mine was raped as a little girl and has spoken about how she subsequently adopted a butch Identity as she felt that being “one of the boys” mitigated her vulnerability. As such, they influence how we understand ourselves in relation to others. Gender involves social norms, attitudes and activities that society deems more appropriate for one sex over another. While neuroscience has somewhat avoided the topic that I am going to mention right now and that is, there are way too many different labels. A butch identity is an expression of femininity, not a rejection of femininity. So how did these two specific stereotypes rise up? Thank you! And before you jump to your classic “biggot” “transphobic” “homophobic” etc. And I think you are being overly deffensive where you don’t need to be. If you don’t agree with a liberal they become as nasty as a fascist. The main reason for increasing inequality seems to be the difference between the demand for and supply of skills. So I found this article while looking for resources about gender being a social construct. [122] John Rawls argued in A Theory of Justice[123] that inequalities in the distribution of wealth are only justified when they improve society as a whole, including the poorest members. I wrote about the “Two Spirit” People found amongst the Navajo Native American cultures, who make up two additional genders: the feminine man (nádleehí) and masculine woman (dilbaa). Sex roles describes the tasks and functions perceived to be ideally suited to masculinity versus femininity. [71] These experiences are the effects of the measured disparity due to race in countries like the US, where studies show that in comparison to whites, blacks suffer from drastically lower levels of upward mobility, higher levels of downward mobility, and poverty that is more easily transmitted to offspring as a result of the disadvantage stemming from the era of slavery and post-slavery racism that has been passed through racial generations to the present.
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